| Title: | Proměny v současné češtině |
| Other Titles: | Changes in the current Czech |
| Authors: | Čechová, Marie |
| Citation: | ČECHOVÁ, M. Proměny v současné češtině. In Slavjanskij mir : jazyk, literatura, kul'tura. Moskva: MAKS Press, 2018. s. 345-351. ISBN 978-5-317-05930-9. |
| Issue Date: | 2018 |
| Publisher: | MAKS Press |
| Document type: | konferenční příspěvek conferenceObject |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/11025/34902 |
| ISBN: | 978-5-317-05930-9 |
| Keywords: | normativnost;analogie;anomálie;kodifikace;archaizace;oživování zastaralých výrazů;nivelizace;differenciace |
| Keywords in different language: | normativeness;analogy;anomaly;codification;archaization;revitalization;convergence;differentiation |
| Abstract: | Současná čeština je sociálně stratifikována a regionálně diferencována, třebaže v ní probíhají i procesy opačné, unifikace a nivelizace. Jazykový vývoj v sobě obsahuje antinomie, vzájemně sice protikladné, ale komplementární, doplňující se a v sebe přecházející. Za základní dvojici pokládáme analogii a anomálii, jejich amplitudy se střídají; až do 90. let převažující analogismus byl vystřídán anomalismem, nyní se zdá, že i ten už je za zenitem. V referátu se vykládá působení vybraných antinomií v jazyce a v řeči. K nejvýznamnějším patří vztah mezi spisovností a nespisovností, představovanou obecnou češtinou, tj. koiné převažujícím v běžné mluvě v Čechách a v západní části Moravy. Výraznou antinomií je i archaizace a na druhou stranu oživování některých prostředků. Archaizace vede k ochuzování vyjadřovacích možností, k ústupu některých prostředků, např. přechodníků, zvláště minulého, a minulého kondicionálu, …, na druhou stranu lze sledovat oživování téměř vymizelých jevů, např. výrazů potažmo, stran, pakliže…Vcelku lze současnou situaci češtiny charakterizovat jako dynamickou, s vývojovými rysy jak systémovými, tak nepravidelnými. |
| Abstract in different language: | The current Czech is socially stratified and regionally differentiated, although there are also the processes of the opposite character in it, the unification and equalization. Language development includes in itself the antinomies opposing each other, but mutually complementary and converting into each other. We consider analogy and anomaly basic pairs (see N. Savický, SaS 1992), their amplitudes alternate; up to 1990th, the prevailing analogism was relieved by anomalism, now it seems that even the latter is past its prime. While none of the processes should be absolutized. Systematic character of linguistic phenomena, their regularity, although does not function without exceptions, is not mechanic, but the language peculiarities, differences, individuality in expression cannot be the main prerequisite for the smooth functioning in communication. The paper presents interpretation of the action of the selected antinomies in the language and in speech. The most important one includes the relationship between the standard and non-standard forms, represented by the common Czech, i.e. predominant variant in everyday speech in Bohemia and western Moravia. Already since the middle of the last century, a strong tendency for non-opening of "the scissors" promotes, the tendency to the blurring of boundaries between them, while various linguists have the different opinions to that process. Those opinions are reflected also in the opinion on codification and on normativeness in general, replaced by some (under foreign influence) with so-called standardness, some even refuse the language culture (the basic concept of the Prague school) and the concepts associated with it (e.g. norm). The different opinions of the linguists are also reflected in the inconsistency in normative books (dictionaries, grammars, orthographic norms, normative educational handbooks), and this raises the uncertainty of users in the choice of language means. They are now perhaps more influenced by media than by teaching and fiction, which previously used to be absolutely predominant sources of language learning and education. The level of media speech is reflected in the speech of ordinary users, the frequent phenomena are overused, they become fashion, they insinuate themselves into the speech regardless of their functionality or non-functionality, they act like a contagion in the speech (in the present, see the words as: nicméně, jakoby, onen… and phrases co se týče/pokud jde o…). Obvious defects penetrate from the speech media speakers into the everyday language, such as confusion of paronyms and related words, but semantically distinct (usvědčuje and přesvědčuje), non-standard forms, e.g. non-declined forms of the pronouns jenž and components of the compound numerals, contaminated phrases (učarovala ho kytara), wrong phrases and constructions (stoleté výročí vzniku republiky), sometimes even nonsense (výsledky jsou lepší než skutečnost), made due to the false syntactic pairs (zachraňte lidi před smrtí bylinkami). Distinctive antinomy is also archaization and on the other hand, the revival of some of the means. Archaization leads to the impoverishment of expressive possibilities, to the decline of certain means, e.g. transgressives, especially the past ones, and the past conditional, ... on the other hand, reviving of the almost vanished phenomena can be monitored, such as expressions potažmo, stran, pakliže…In general, the current situation of the Czech can be characterized as dynamic, with developmental features both systemic and irregular. Linguistics should not only capture this situation (by frequency dictionaries), and describe it, but influence it by linguistic awareness, as the followers of the Prague school claimed (A. Jedlička, F. Daneš...).However, some linguists (Václav Cvrček...) refuse it, considering it wrongly as intervention and manipulation. |
| Rights: | Plný text není přístupný. © MAKS Press |
| Appears in Collections: | Konferenční příspěvky / Conference papers (KČJ) OBD |
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